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---
name: sota-ruby
description: >-
State-of-the-art Ruby engineering rules (2026 baseline, Ruby 3.4+ / 4.0) that Claude
applies when writing or auditing Ruby. Covers modern idioms (frozen string literals,
pattern matching, Data/Struct, RBS/Sorbet/Steep typing), security (SQL injection via
ActiveRecord/Sequel, ERB/XSS escaping, mass assignment, CSRF, Marshal/YAML
deserialization, command injection, ReDoS), framework-neutral web hardening
(Rails/Sinatra/Hanami as neutral examples), supply chain and tooling (Bundler lockfile
and checksums, bundler-audit, RuboCop/StandardRB, Brakeman, RSpec/Minitest, CI gates),
and concurrency/performance (GVL, threads vs fibers vs Ractors, background-job
idempotency, YJIT/ZJIT, GC and memory, N+1 queries). Trigger keywords: Ruby, gem,
Gemfile, bundler, Rails, Sinatra, Hanami, Rack, ERB, ActiveRecord, Sequel, RSpec,
minitest, RuboCop, Sorbet, RBS, Sidekiq, YJIT, Ractor, rake, ruby-lang. Use for BOTH
building Ruby services/gems/CLIs and reviewing or auditing Ruby codebases.
---
# SOTA Ruby (2026)
Expert-level rules for producing and auditing production Ruby. Baseline language
line: **Ruby 3.4+**, with Ruby 4.0 (released 2025-12-25) as the current stable
line. Per the [official branches page](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/branches/):
4.0 and 3.4 are in normal maintenance; 3.3 is security-maintenance only
(expected EOL 2027-03); 3.2 and older are EOL (3.2 since 2026-04-01) — running
them is itself a finding. Feature notes: `Data.define` and `Regexp.timeout`
from 3.2, `it` block parameter and chilled-string warnings from 3.4,
`Ractor::Port` and experimental ZJIT from 4.0 — noted where relevant. Every
rules file ends with an audit checklist of grep/lint patterns.
## Purpose
Two consumers, one source of truth:
- **BUILD mode** — generating new Ruby code: follow the rules as defaults, not
suggestions. Deviate only with an explicit comment justifying it.
- **AUDIT mode** — reviewing existing Ruby code: hunt violations using the
audit checklists, classify by severity, report in the finding format below.
## BUILD mode
1. Before writing code, read the rules files relevant to the task (see index).
A web endpoint touching the DB and a background job needs `02`, `03`, `05`.
2. Apply the **top-10 non-negotiables** (below) unconditionally.
3. Establish context first: `.ruby-version`, `Gemfile`/`Gemfile.lock`, RuboCop
or StandardRB config, framework and test runner in use. Match the project's
floor (no `it` block param on a 3.3 project).
4. New projects: pin the Ruby version (`.ruby-version`), commit
`Gemfile.lock`, add RuboCop **or** StandardRB, `bundler-audit`, and the
test suite to CI from day one (see `rules/04`). Rails apps add Brakeman.
5. Security posture is non-optional even when unrequested: parameterized SQL,
argv-form process spawning, `YAML.safe_load` semantics, `SecureRandom`,
escaped output (see `rules/02`, `rules/03`).
6. Write tests alongside the code (RSpec or Minitest — match the project).
Anything with threads or jobs gets an idempotency/concurrency test.
7. When code must violate a rule for a legitimate reason, leave a
`# NOTE(sota):` comment explaining the trade-off so auditors don't flag it.
## AUDIT mode
Work through each relevant rules file's audit checklist against the target
repo. Run the listed grep/lint commands; confirm each hit manually before
reporting (greps are recall-oriented, expect false positives). Useful
mechanical sweeps: `bundle exec rubocop`, `bundler-audit check --update`,
`brakeman -q` (Rails), plus the per-file greps.
### Severity conventions
| Severity | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| **CRITICAL** | Exploitable now, or data loss | SQL built with `#{}` interpolation, `Marshal.load`/`YAML.unsafe_load` on external data, command injection via backticks with user input, `html_safe` on user input |
| **HIGH** | Exploitable with preconditions, or production-breaking | Missing CSRF protection on state-changing routes, `permit!`, `^`/`$` anchors in validation regexes, `rand` for tokens, `Timeout.timeout` around DB work, EOL Ruby in production |
| **MEDIUM** | Correctness/maintenance hazard, latent bug | N+1 on a hot path, non-idempotent retried jobs, no `Gemfile.lock` in an app, mutable shared state across threads without a lock, `rescue Exception` |
| **LOW** | Deviation from SOTA, friction | Missing frozen-string-literal comments, `Struct` where `Data` fits, stringly-typed booleans, unpinned dev tooling |
| **INFO** | Worth knowing, no action forced | YJIT not enabled, typing (RBS/Sorbet) absent, newer-Ruby features available after a floor bump |
### Finding format
```
file:line | rule violated (rules/NN §section) | severity | effort | fix
```
Severity: Critical / High / Medium / Low / Info. Effort: trivial / small /
medium / large. Borderline severities state the deciding assumption;
unconfirmed findings are marked "needs verification", never asserted. Group
findings by severity, CRITICAL first; end with counts per severity, the three
highest-leverage fixes, and which checklists were run.
## Rules index
| File | Read this when... |
|---|---|
| `rules/01-language-idioms.md` | Choosing/verifying the Ruby version baseline; frozen string literals; pattern matching; `Data` vs `Struct`; exception design; typing with RBS/Sorbet/Steep; general idioms and pitfalls |
| `rules/02-security.md` | Any input crossing a trust boundary: SQL injection (ActiveRecord/Sequel), command injection (`system`/backticks/`Open3`), deserialization (`Marshal`, YAML/Psych), ReDoS and regex anchors, `eval`/`send`/`constantize`, secrets and randomness, path traversal |
| `rules/03-web-hardening.md` | Building or auditing anything web-facing: XSS/ERB escaping, mass assignment and strong params, CSRF, sessions/cookies, security headers, open redirects, SSRF, file uploads — framework-neutral |
| `rules/04-supply-chain-tooling.md` | Bundler and Gemfile.lock discipline, lockfile checksums, bundler-audit, RuboCop/StandardRB, Brakeman, RSpec/Minitest mechanics, CI gates, gem authoring/publishing |
| `rules/05-concurrency-performance.md` | Threads, fibers, Ractors, and the GVL; background-job idempotency; YJIT/ZJIT; GC and memory (allocator, RSS); N+1 detection; profiling workflow |
## Top-10 non-negotiables
1. **Supported Ruby only** — 3.4+ in production (3.3 accepted short-term with
an upgrade plan; ≤3.2 is a finding). Pin it in `.ruby-version` and CI.
(`rules/01`)
2. **SQL only via parameterized queries** — hash conditions or `?`/named
placeholders in ActiveRecord/Sequel; string-interpolated SQL is CRITICAL,
no exceptions for "internal" values. (`rules/02`)
3. **Never `Marshal.load`, `YAML.unsafe_load`, or `eval`-family on data you
don't fully control**; `YAML.load` is safe-by-default only on Psych 4+
(Ruby 3.1+) — verify the runtime. (`rules/02`)
4. **Processes spawn with argv lists** (`system("cmd", arg)`,
`Open3.capture2`), never a shell string containing external input; no
`Kernel#open`/`URI.open` on user-supplied names. (`rules/02`)
5. **All HTML output escaped by default**; every `raw`/`html_safe` is
reviewed; non-Rails ERB configured to auto-escape. (`rules/03`)
6. **Mass assignment goes through an attribute allowlist** (strong params /
`params.expect`; explicit attribute lists elsewhere); `permit!` is HIGH.
(`rules/03`)
7. **CSRF protection on every cookie-authenticated state-changing endpoint**;
`\A`/`\z` (never `^`/`$`) to anchor validation regexes. (`rules/02`, `rules/03`)
8. **`Gemfile.lock` committed and CI installs frozen** (`BUNDLE_FROZEN=true`);
`bundler-audit` gates CI; git-sourced gems pinned to a SHA. (`rules/04`)
9. **`SecureRandom` (never `rand`/`Random`) for anything security-relevant**;
constant-time comparison for secrets. (`rules/02`)
10. **Background jobs are idempotent and enqueue after commit** — at-least-once
delivery and retries are the contract; jobs take IDs, not objects.
(`rules/05`)