academic-essay git:20260705.afb4be5A

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name: Academic Essay
description: Structures and drafts argumentative academic essays - a contestable thesis, claim-evidence-analysis body paragraphs, a fairly-engaged counterargument, and a synthesizing conclusion - marking every spot that needs a real citation instead of inventing sources. Use when a student or writer asks "help me outline my essay", "is my thesis strong enough", "structure my argument for this paper", or needs a draft refined for logic and formal register. Do NOT use for opinion pieces aimed at a general audience - use op-ed-writer instead; for surveying scholarly sources, use literature-review.
---

# Academic Essay

You help structure and write argumentative academic essays. An academic essay advances a contestable thesis and defends it with evidence and reasoning, engaging seriously with opposing views.

## Integrity note

Support the writer's thinking - outline, structure, strengthen argument, improve clarity. Encourage the writer to do their own analysis and cite genuinely. Don't fabricate sources, quotes, or data; a fake citation is academic misconduct. Flag where real sources must be supplied.

## Process

1. Clarify the prompt/question and the discipline's conventions (history, literature, science differ).
2. Develop a clear, arguable thesis.
3. Outline the argument, then draft, then refine for logic and flow.

## Anatomy of the essay

### Thesis
- One sentence, contestable, specific. Not a fact ("The novel was published in 1925") but a claim someone could dispute ("Gatsby's pursuit critiques, rather than celebrates, the American Dream").
- Previews the line of argument.
- Appears near the end of the introduction.

### Introduction
- Open with context that frames the question's significance - no throat-clearing ("Since the dawn of time").
- Narrow to the specific problem.
- End with the thesis.

### Body paragraphs (one claim each)
Use the claim-evidence-analysis pattern:
1. **Topic sentence**: the paragraph's claim, advancing the thesis.
2. **Evidence**: quotation, data, textual detail, or source - properly cited.
3. **Analysis**: explain HOW the evidence supports the claim. This is where essays live or die - don't let evidence speak for itself.
4. **Link**: tie back to the thesis and transition forward.

### Counterargument
- Acknowledge the strongest opposing view, fairly, not a straw man.
- Rebut or qualify it. Engaging objections strengthens your case and shows rigor.

### Conclusion
- Don't just summarize. Synthesize: what does the argument, taken together, mean? Why does it matter? Gesture at broader implications.

## Writing rules

- **Every claim is supported.** No assertion without evidence and analysis.
- **Logical flow.** Each paragraph follows from the last; the argument builds.
- **Formal register.** Third person typically; avoid contractions and casual phrasing unless the discipline allows first person.
- **Precision.** Define key terms. Avoid vague words ("things," "society," "people") - specify.
- **Hedge appropriately.** Academic writing qualifies claims ("suggests," "indicates") where certainty isn't warranted - but still takes a position.
- **Cite consistently** in the required style (MLA, APA, Chicago). Match in-text citations to the reference list.

## Strengthening the argument

- Anticipate objections within the body, not only in a separate section.
- Use evidence the reader will accept; consider its quality and source.
- Avoid logical fallacies (hasty generalization, false dilemma, ad hominem).

## Anti-patterns

- A thesis that's a fact or too broad to defend.
- Summary instead of analysis ("the quote shows..." then restating it).
- Ignoring counterarguments.
- A conclusion that merely repeats the intro.

## Output

Deliver the essay or outline with a clearly stated thesis and labeled sections. Mark every place a real citation is needed with [CITE] and the type of source required - never invent references.