webhook-architecture · git:20260831.84892c0 · 2026-08-31 · sha256 557cda7b8b538640
webhook-architecture git:20260831.84892c0A
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---
name: webhook-architecture
description: '3-layer webhook architecture pattern for NestJS applications handling inbound webhooks from external services (payment providers, messaging platforms, CI/CD, etc.). Use when implementing webhook endpoints, processing external events, handling webhook signature verification, building event routing systems, implementing idempotent webhook processing, or setting up webhook failure recovery. Covers controller-level HTTP validation, service-level signature verification and event routing, and business-level domain logic handlers.'
---
# 3-Layer Webhook Architecture
Pattern for handling inbound webhooks in NestJS with strict separation of concerns across three layers: HTTP validation, event verification and routing, and domain logic execution. Apply this pattern whenever an external service sends events to your application via HTTP callbacks.
## Activation scope
This skill activates **per-module during Stage B** of the SaaS bootstrap, once per inbound webhook source on the roadmap (one Stage B session per `webhook-<provider>` item). It is NOT part of the Stage A foundation produced by `saas-workspace-initializer` — webhook layers land alongside the domain that consumes them, not up front.
## Architecture
```
External Service (Stripe, Paddle, GitHub, Twilio, etc.)
|
| POST /webhooks/{provider}
| Headers: signature, timestamp
| Body: raw bytes
v
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| LAYER 1: Controller (HTTP Concerns) |
| - Extract raw body (Buffer, not parsed JSON) |
| - Extract signature/timestamp headers |
| - Validate required headers present |
| - Apply rate limiting / throttle |
| - ALWAYS return 200 (delegate errors to service layer) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|
| rawBody: Buffer, signature: string, headers
v
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| LAYER 2: Webhook Service (Verification & Routing) |
| - Verify signature (SDK or manual HMAC) |
| - Parse raw body into typed event |
| - Check idempotency (skip duplicate event IDs) |
| - Route to correct handler by event type |
| - Catch ALL errors, store as FailedWebhook |
| - Never throw (controller always returns 200) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|
| typed event payload
v
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| LAYER 3: Business Service (Domain Logic) |
| - One handler method per event type |
| - Database operations (create/update records) |
| - Side effects (email, SSE push, audit log) |
| - Can throw errors (Layer 2 catches them) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
```
## Quick Start
### 1. Controller (HTTP Layer)
```typescript
// src/webhooks/external.controller.ts
import { Controller, Post, RawBody, Headers, HttpCode } from '@nestjs/common';
import { ExternalWebhookService } from './external-webhook.service';
@Controller('webhooks')
export class ExternalWebhookController {
constructor(private readonly webhookService: ExternalWebhookService) {}
@Post('external-provider')
@HttpCode(200)
async handleWebhook(@RawBody() rawBody: Buffer, @Headers('x-provider-signature') signature: string, @Headers('x-provider-timestamp') timestamp: string): Promise<{ received: boolean }> {
if (!signature) {
return { received: false };
}
await this.webhookService.processWebhook(rawBody, signature, timestamp);
return { received: true };
}
}
```
### 2. Webhook Service (Verification and Routing Layer)
```typescript
// src/webhooks/external-webhook.service.ts
import { Injectable, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
import { PrismaService } from '../prisma/prisma.service';
import { BusinessService } from '../services/business.service';
@Injectable()
export class ExternalWebhookService {
private readonly logger = new Logger(ExternalWebhookService.name);
constructor(
private readonly prisma: PrismaService,
private readonly businessService: BusinessService,
) {}
async processWebhook(rawBody: Buffer, signature: string, timestamp: string): Promise<void> {
try {
// 1. Verify signature (SDK-based or manual HMAC)
const event = this.verifyAndParse(rawBody, signature, timestamp);
// 2. Idempotency check
const existing = await this.prisma.processedEvent.findUnique({
where: { eventId: event.id },
});
if (existing) {
this.logger.log(`Duplicate event ${event.id}, skipping`);
return;
}
// 3. Route to handler by event type
await this.routeEvent(event);
// 4. Mark as processed
await this.prisma.processedEvent.create({
data: { eventId: event.id, eventType: event.type, processedAt: new Date() },
});
} catch (error) {
this.logger.error(`Webhook processing failed: ${error.message}`, error.stack);
await this.storeFailedWebhook(rawBody, error);
// Do NOT rethrow - controller must return 200
}
}
private async routeEvent(event: ProviderEvent): Promise<void> {
switch (event.type) {
case 'subscription.created':
await this.businessService.handleSubscriptionCreated(event.data);
break;
case 'subscription.canceled':
await this.businessService.handleSubscriptionCanceled(event.data);
break;
case 'payment.completed':
await this.businessService.handlePaymentCompleted(event.data);
break;
default:
this.logger.warn(`Unhandled event type: ${event.type}`);
}
}
private async storeFailedWebhook(rawBody: Buffer, error: Error): Promise<void> {
await this.prisma.failedWebhook.create({
data: {
rawPayload: rawBody.toString('utf-8'),
errorMessage: error.message,
stackTrace: error.stack ?? '',
attemptedAt: new Date(),
},
});
}
private verifyAndParse(rawBody: Buffer, signature: string, timestamp: string): ProviderEvent {
// Use provider SDK or manual HMAC - see signature-verification.md
return sdk.webhooks.unmarshal(rawBody.toString(), signature, timestamp);
}
}
```
### 3. Business Service (Domain Logic Layer)
```typescript
// src/services/business.service.ts
import { Injectable, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
import { PrismaService } from '../prisma/prisma.service';
import { EventEmitter2 } from '@nestjs/event-emitter';
@Injectable()
export class BusinessService {
private readonly logger = new Logger(BusinessService.name);
constructor(
private readonly prisma: PrismaService,
private readonly eventEmitter: EventEmitter2,
) {}
async handleSubscriptionCreated(data: SubscriptionData): Promise<void> {
const subscription = await this.prisma.subscription.create({
data: {
externalId: data.id,
userId: data.customerId,
planId: data.planId,
status: 'active',
currentPeriodEnd: new Date(data.currentPeriodEnd),
},
});
this.eventEmitter.emit('subscription.created', subscription);
this.logger.log(`Subscription created: ${subscription.id}`);
}
async handleSubscriptionCanceled(data: SubscriptionData): Promise<void> {
await this.prisma.subscription.update({
where: { externalId: data.id },
data: { status: 'canceled', canceledAt: new Date() },
});
this.logger.log(`Subscription canceled: ${data.id}`);
}
async handlePaymentCompleted(data: PaymentData): Promise<void> {
await this.prisma.payment.create({
data: {
externalId: data.id,
amount: data.amount,
currency: data.currency,
userId: data.customerId,
paidAt: new Date(),
},
});
this.logger.log(`Payment recorded: ${data.id}`);
}
}
```
## Key Design Decisions
| Decision | Rationale |
| --------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Always return 200 to provider | Providers retry on non-2xx, causing duplicate processing. Store failures internally instead. |
| Use raw body for signature verification | Parsed JSON alters whitespace/ordering, breaking HMAC comparison. Always pass the original bytes. |
| Track event IDs for idempotency | Providers may retry even on 200 (network timeouts). Deduplication prevents double-processing. |
| Keep controllers thin | Controllers handle HTTP concerns only (headers, raw body, response code). Zero business logic. |
| Catch all errors in webhook service | Handler errors must never bubble up to the controller. Log, store, and swallow. |
| One handler method per event type | Each event type maps to exactly one business method. Easy to test, easy to find. |
## When to Use This Pattern
Apply the 3-layer webhook architecture whenever you receive HTTP callbacks from external services:
- **Payment providers**: Stripe, Paddle, LemonSqueezy, PayPal
- **Messaging platforms**: Twilio, SendGrid, Mailgun, Resend
- **CI/CD systems**: GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, CircleCI
- **Version control**: GitHub webhooks, GitLab webhooks, Bitbucket
- **Communication**: Slack, Discord, Microsoft Teams
- **Infrastructure**: AWS SNS, Datadog, PagerDuty
## NestJS Main Configuration
Enable raw body parsing in `main.ts` to preserve the original bytes for signature verification:
```typescript
const app = await NestFactory.create(AppModule, { rawBody: true });
// Exclude webhook routes from global prefix
app.setGlobalPrefix('api', {
exclude: [{ path: 'webhooks/(.*)', method: RequestMethod.ALL }],
});
```
## References
Load these for detailed implementation guidance:
- [three-layer-pattern.md](references/three-layer-pattern.md) - Full implementation guide for all three layers including module setup, main.ts configuration, and typed event routing
- [signature-verification.md](references/signature-verification.md) - SDK-based and manual HMAC signature verification, timestamp validation, constant-time comparison
- [resilience-and-recovery.md](references/resilience-and-recovery.md) - Idempotent processing, failed webhook storage, always-200 pattern, retry queues