git:20261002.164a2bc to git:20261011.ef64499

59 added, 30 removed. Audit A to A.

---

name: better-accessibility

description: "Implement or review accessible UI semantics, keyboard behavior, focus, and motion preferences. Use for accessibility work."

---

# Accessibility

- Most accessibility is free if you use the platform. Native elements ship with keyboard support, real labels announce themselves and a visible focus ring is one CSS rule.

- Write every fix in the project's styling system, and use the exact values below rather than familiar-looking substitutes.

+ This skill reviews and fixes semantics, keyboard and focus behavior, accessible names, forms, announcements, motion and zoom. It reports each failure against the WCAG criterion it breaks and writes the fix in the project's styling system.

Reviewing means two walks. Keyboard-only, where every flow completes without a mouse. Then screen-reader, where every control announces a name, a role and its state. When unsure, take the platform default over a custom rebuild, and remove ARIA rather than add it.

- Contrast measurement and color fixes belong to `better-colors`. Text sizing and iOS input zoom belong to `better-typography`. Spatial RTL layout belongs to `better-layout`.

+ Contrast measurement and color fixes belong to `better-colors`. Text sizing, iOS input zoom and language metadata belong to `better-typography`. Spacing between targets and spatial RTL belong to `better-layout`. Label, error and alt-text wording belong to `better-writing`. Animation recipes, hover styling and scroll containment belong to `better-ui`.

+ ## Criteria, not conventions

+ A finding cites a WCAG 2.2 Level A or AA criterion by number, or a concrete task an assistive-technology user cannot complete. Everything else is a recommendation and never `HIGH`. That covers AAA criteria, APG conventions, the one-`<h1>` and no-skipped-levels outline and the 44px and 40px targets. The criterion thresholds below are exact. The larger targets are heuristics, so keep an established, usable density.

## Native elements first

- The first rule of ARIA: don't use ARIA when a native element exists. `<button>` for actions, `<a href>` for navigation, never `<div onClick>`. A real link must support Cmd/Ctrl/middle-click. No ARIA is better than bad ARIA. See [semantics-and-aria.md](semantics-and-aria.md) for landmarks, button-vs-link and disabled states.

+ The first rule of ARIA: don't use ARIA when a native element exists. `<button>` for actions, `<a href>` for navigation, never `<div onClick>`. A real link must support Cmd/Ctrl/middle-click. See [semantics-and-aria.md](semantics-and-aria.md) for landmarks and button-vs-link.

+ ## Disabled means unavailable

+ Use native `disabled` when a control is genuinely unavailable. Reach for `aria-disabled="true"` only when it should stay focusable, then block pointer, keyboard and form behavior in code and style the state explicitly. The rules are in [semantics-and-aria.md](semantics-and-aria.md).

## Visible focus rings

Style `:focus-visible`, not bare `:focus`. Keyboard users get a ring and mouse users usually don't. Prefer the browser's unmodified indicator.

- A custom ring needs a project focus token or another explicit color. Verify the whole indicator against every adjacent color it crosses, `currentColor` included. Use at least a `2px` solid perimeter or an equivalent visible area. Never use `outline: none` without a verified replacement, and preserve system colors in forced-colors mode. Recipes are in [focus-and-keyboard.md](focus-and-keyboard.md).

+ A custom ring needs a project focus token or another explicit color. It must reach 3:1 against every adjacent color it crosses, `currentColor` included, under 1.4.11. A `2px` solid perimeter with a 3:1 change of contrast is the 2.4.13 AAA target. Never use `outline: none` without a verified replacement, and preserve system colors in forced-colors mode.

+ A focused element must never sit fully hidden behind a sticky header, footer or banner (2.4.11). Give the scroller `scroll-padding-top` equal to the sticky header's height. Recipes are in [focus-and-keyboard.md](focus-and-keyboard.md).

## Full keyboard support

- Every pointer interaction needs a keyboard path. Follow the ARIA APG patterns: Escape closes overlays, arrow keys move within composite widgets, Tab moves between widgets, Enter and Space activate.

+ Every pointer interaction needs a keyboard path. Follow the ARIA APG patterns: Escape closes overlays, arrow keys move within composite widgets, Tab moves between widgets, Enter and Space activate buttons.

- Use only `tabindex="0"` to join the natural tab order and `tabindex="-1"` for programmatic focus. Positive values break that order. Composite widgets use roving tabindex, where the active item is `0` and every other is `-1`.

+ Use only `tabindex="0"` to join the natural tab order and `tabindex="-1"` for programmatic focus. Positive values break that order. Composite widgets use roving tabindex, where the active item is `0` and every other is `-1`. Where focus must stay in an input, as in a combobox, use `aria-activedescendant` instead. Key maps per widget are in [focus-and-keyboard.md](focus-and-keyboard.md).

## Trap and restore focus

- Modals set `inert` on the background content, move focus inside on open and return focus to the trigger on close. Add `overscroll-behavior: contain` so background content doesn't scroll.

+ Prefer `<dialog>` opened with `showModal()`, which makes the background inert and handles Escape. A custom overlay sets `inert` on the background, `role="dialog"` and `aria-modal="true"` on itself. Either way, move focus inside on open and return it to the trigger on close.

+ Client-side route changes reset nothing. Update `document.title` and move focus to the new view's `<h1>` or `<main>`. Both recipes are in [focus-and-keyboard.md](focus-and-keyboard.md).

## Minimum hit area

- WCAG 2.5.8's Level AA baseline is a 24×24 CSS-pixel target, or one of its spacing, equivalent-control, inline, user-agent and essential exceptions. Aim for 44×44px on touch and 40×40px on desktop where density permits. Extend with a pseudo-element when the visible element should stay smaller.

+ WCAG 2.5.8's Level AA baseline is a 24×24 CSS-pixel target, or one of its exceptions. Aim for 44×44px on touch and 40×40px on desktop where density permits. Extend with a pseudo-element when the visible element should stay smaller.

- Never let extended hit areas overlap. Give decorative layers `pointer-events: none`, so a glow never swallows the clicks meant for the control beneath it. Sizes and collision rules are in [hit-areas.md](hit-areas.md).

+ Never let extended hit areas overlap. Give decorative layers `pointer-events: none`, so a glow never swallows the clicks meant for the control beneath it.

+ Every drag interaction needs a single-pointer alternative, such as buttons or a menu that reorder or move the same item (2.5.7). Sizes, exceptions and collision rules are in [hit-areas.md](hit-areas.md).

## Label and type every control

Every input gets a `<label for>` or a wrapping `<label>`. A placeholder is never a label. Label and control share one hit target, with no dead zone between a checkbox and its text.

- Add `autocomplete` with a meaningful `name`, plus the `type` and `inputmode` that summon the right keyboard. Never block paste; users paste passwords and one-time codes. See [forms.md](forms.md).

+ Add a valid `autocomplete` token and a descriptive `name` attribute, plus the `type` and `inputmode` that summon the right keyboard. Never block paste; users paste passwords and one-time codes. See [forms.md](forms.md).

## Errors that announce

- Keep submit enabled until the request starts, then disable with a spinner and the original label. Validate on submit. Mark failing fields `aria-invalid="true"`, point `aria-describedby` at the inline error text and focus the first invalid field.

- Use native `disabled` when a control is genuinely unavailable. Reach for `aria-disabled="true"` only when it should stay focusable, then block pointer, keyboard and form behavior in code and style the state explicitly.

+ Validate on submit, never by disabling submit until the form is valid. Mark failing fields `aria-invalid="true"`, point `aria-describedby` at the inline error text and focus the first invalid field. Submit behavior while the request runs is in [forms.md](forms.md).

## Accessible names everywhere

Icon-only buttons need a descriptive `aria-label`. Visible label text must appear in the accessible name. Decorative elements get `aria-hidden="true"`, never on a focusable element.

## Don't rely on color alone

- Status needs a redundant cue: an icon, text, or an underline alongside the color. Work out which WCAG contrast requirement applies, then use `better-colors` to measure the rendered pair. When it fails, report the pair and the requirement it misses, and leave the colors alone unless asked.

+ Status needs a redundant cue: an icon, text or an underline alongside the color (1.4.1).

+ This skill decides which contrast requirement applies:

+ | Criterion | Applies to | Minimum |

+ | --- | --- | --- |

+ | 1.4.3 AA | Text | 4.5:1 |

+ | 1.4.3 AA | Large text, at least `24px` or `18.67px` bold | 3:1 |

+ | 1.4.11 AA | UI component boundaries, states and meaningful graphics | 3:1 |

+ Inactive controls and logos are exempt. Use `better-colors` to measure the rendered pair. When it fails, report the pair and the criterion it misses, and leave the colors alone unless asked.

## Honor prefers-reduced-motion

- Wrap motion in `@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference)` so it is opt-in. Under reduced motion, replace slides and scales with opacity crossfades, and kill parallax and autoplay entirely.

+ Wrap motion in `@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference)` so it is opt-in. Under reduced motion, replace slides and scales with opacity crossfades, and kill parallax and autoplay entirely. See [motion-and-zoom.md](motion-and-zoom.md).

- Two rules hold regardless of the preference. Autoplaying media needs a visible pause control, and toasts carrying an action or an error stay until dismissed. See [motion-and-zoom.md](motion-and-zoom.md).

+ ## Nothing the user needs runs on a timer

+ Anything moving, blinking or updating on its own for more than 5 seconds needs a visible pause control (2.2.2). Toasts carrying an action or an error stay until dismissed. The rules are in [motion-and-zoom.md](motion-and-zoom.md).

## Announce dynamic content

Three mechanisms, three jobs. `aria-describedby` carries field-specific validation. A polite live region (`role="status"`) carries non-urgent updates not tied to a control, such as toasts and result counts. `role="alert"` carries urgent untied errors and nothing else.

Repeated polite announcements need a stable empty region rendered before its text updates. Dynamically inserted alerts vary in support, so test them on the screen readers you target. See [screen-readers.md](screen-readers.md).

## Alt text by purpose

- Decorative images get `alt=""`. Informative images describe the meaning. Functional images describe the action: a search icon button is `alt="Search"`, not `alt="magnifying glass"`.

+ Decorative images get `alt=""`. Informative images describe the meaning. Functional images describe the action, never the picture. The full table is in [screen-readers.md](screen-readers.md).

## Structure is navigation

- Use headings that describe their sections and form a coherent outline. Give the page one `<h1>` and nest the levels below it without skipping. Expose one visible primary `<main>` landmark. When repeated navigation or chrome precedes it, make a "Skip to content" link the first focusable element. Anchored headings get `scroll-margin-top`.

+ Use headings that describe their sections and form a coherent outline. Expose one visible primary `<main>` landmark. When repeated navigation or chrome precedes it, make a "Skip to content" link the first focusable element. Anchored headings get `scroll-margin-top`.

## Survive zoom and text resize

- The page must work at 200% zoom and reflow at 320px width without horizontal scrolling. Use `min-height` rather than fixed `height` on text containers. Prefer `rem` breakpoints where they fit the codebase, and never let the viewport meta cap how far the reader can zoom.

+ Text must survive 200% resize (1.4.4), and the page must reflow at 320px width without horizontal scrolling (1.4.10). Text containers take `min-height`, not `height`, and `better-layout` owns the rest of that fix. Never set `maximum-scale=1` or `user-scalable=no` in the viewport meta. iOS input zoom is fixed with `better-typography`'s `16px` rule instead.

## Before you finish

- | Mistake | Fix |

+ | Pattern | Fix |

| --- | --- |

- | Custom focus color assumed to work everywhere | Verify it against every adjacent color and in forced-colors mode |

- | Repeated polite update inconsistently announced | Keep a stable empty status region and update its text |

- | `assertive` live region for a routine toast | Use `polite`; reserve `assertive` for errors |

- | `aria-hidden="true"` on a focusable element | Remove it or make the element non-focusable |

- | Submit disabled until the form is valid | Keep it enabled; validate on submit and focus the first error |

- | Hover treatment stuck after a tap on touch | Gate hover styling with `@media (hover: hover)` |

+ | `outline: none` or `outline-none` with no `focus-visible` replacement nearby | Restore the browser ring or add a verified custom one |

+ | `<div onClick` or `<span onClick` | Use `<button>`, or `<a href>` when it navigates |

+ | `role="button"` or `role="tab"` with no `onKeyDown` | Use the native element, or implement the APG key map |

+ | `tabIndex={1}` or any positive `tabindex` | Fix the DOM order and use `0` |

+ | `disabled={!isValid}` on a submit button | Keep it enabled and validate on submit |

+ | `{msg && <div role="status">`, region mounted with its text | Render the empty region first and update its text |

+ | `aria-live="assertive"` on a success toast | `role="status"` |

+ | `<img` with no `alt` attribute | `alt=""` if decorative, otherwise describe the purpose |

+ | `aria-label` whose text omits the visible label | Start the name with the visible text |

+ | `aria-hidden` on an ancestor of a button, link or input | Remove it, or make the subtree inert |

+ | `maximum-scale=1` or `user-scalable=no` | Remove it |

+ | `position: sticky` header with no `scroll-padding-top` on the scroller | Pad the scroller by the header height |

| Tooltip on a natively `disabled` control | Text beside it, or `aria-disabled` so it stays focusable |

+ | `onDragStart` or a drag library with no button alternative | Add a single-pointer path to the same result |

## Reporting

- **Severity.** `HIGH` prevents a task, hides content from assistive technology, or creates a systemic failure. `MEDIUM` makes an interaction meaningfully harder. `LOW` is isolated polish.

+ **Severity.** `HIGH` prevents a task, hides content from assistive technology or creates a systemic failure. `MEDIUM` makes an interaction meaningfully harder. `LOW` is isolated polish. The following accessibility failures are `HIGH`: a missing accessible name, a missing focus indicator and a pointer path with no keyboard path. It is also motion ignoring reduced motion, loss at 320px or 200% and meaning carried by color alone.

**Verification.** Without a browser: accessible names on every interactive element, keyboard handlers on non-native controls, focus styles, `prefers-reduced-motion` guards and form labels bound to their inputs. With one: tab the flow in order, read computed names and roles from the accessibility tree, confirm a visible focus indicator at every stop and run an automated audit. Report every check you could not run as `Not verified`.

**Format.** Group findings under the principle each violates, ordered by severity, one row per root cause listing every location it appears in:

| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

- `Location` is `path/to/file:line`. `Why` names the principle and the user impact.

+ `Location` is `path/to/file:line`. `Why` names the WCAG criterion or principle and the user impact.

End with `Block` when any `HIGH` remains, `Approve` otherwise, leaving the rest in the table as work to do. Never `Approve` coverage you did not inspect. With nothing to report, state "No actionable accessibility findings" and report verification.