git:20260829.d7b20e7 to git:20260902.7a50d2a

---

name: kicad-pcb

description: |

Workflow skill for KiCAD PCB layout and routing via MCP tools. Triggers on: "layout the board",

"route traces", "PCB", "place footprints", "copper pour", "board outline", "differential pair",

"board setup", "track width", "via", "zone", "design rules", "stackup", "silkscreen".

argument-hint: "[layout task]"

---

# KiCAD PCB Layout Workflow

This skill guides Claude to perform PCB layout using Konnect MCP tools.

ALL modifications go through MCP tools — never edit .kicad_pcb files directly.

---

## Prerequisites

Most PCB layout operations require KiCAD to be running with the board file open. The IPC

connection communicates with the running KiCAD instance in real-time.

Some board-construction and component tools have guarded closed-board paths. IPC-first

tools fall back to the file only when the transport is unreachable and the target board

has not been observed live during this server session. File-only operations such as

`flip_component` proceed only when KiCad does not hold the target board open. These

paths use revision-aware atomic writes: placement preserves pads, graphics, attributes,

and models; moves preserve the existing angle; rotations update the footprint and its

child angles; flips mirror supported geometry and swap front/back layers. A reachable

KiCad rejection stays closed instead of racing the editor.

`unsafe_file_fallback` is a stop condition. It means Konnect reached this board live

earlier in the current server session but IPC is now unreachable, so the saved file may

be older than lost editor state. Pause mutation work, tell the user that Konnect left

the file unchanged, and ask them to reopen/recover, reconcile, and save the board in

KiCad. Continue through live IPC afterward. Preserve the guard: do not retry-loop,

restart Konnect automatically, or edit `.kicad_pcb` directly. If the user confirms a

clean close and an authoritative saved file, they may restart Konnect to deliberately

begin a new closed-board session.

If connection fails:

- Tell the user to open KiCAD and load the project

- The board (.kicad_pcb) must be open in the PCB editor

- KiCAD's IPC API must be enabled (default in KiCAD 8+)

---

## Toolset Loading

Before any PCB work, load the required toolsets:

```

load_toolset('pcb_board') # board outline, layers, setup, stackup

load_toolset('pcb_components') # place, refresh, move, rotate, align footprints

load_toolset('pcb_routing') # traces, vias, differential pairs

load_toolset('sch_export') # update PCB from the saved schematic hierarchy

```

Zones (`pcb_board`: add_zone; `pcb_routing`: add_copper_pour), component/net queries (`pcb_components`: find_component, get_component_list; `pcb_board`: get_board_info), and bulk placement (`pcb_components`: place_component_array, align_components, duplicate_component) are already covered by the toolsets loaded above.

Load additional toolsets as needed:

```

load_toolset('config') # design rule storage: add_design_rule, list_design_rules

load_toolset('verification') # run_drc, set_design_rules, set_predefined_sizes, check_clearance

```

Always call `get_active_toolsets()` first to see what is already loaded.

### References by decision

- Read [`references/layer-reference.md`](references/layer-reference.md) when

selecting a copper, fabrication, user, or mechanical layer or deciding which

side owns an item.

- Read [`references/trace-width-table.md`](references/trace-width-table.md) when

sizing a current-carrying trace, via, or controlled-impedance route. It defines

the required calculation inputs and acceptance record; it is not a lookup table.

- Read [`references/design-rules.md`](references/design-rules.md) when creating

netclasses, configuring project constraints, or adjudicating DRC results.

---

## Layout Order

Follow this sequence for a clean PCB workflow:

1. **Board outline** — `set_board_size` or draw Edge.Cuts geometry. Both outline tools

append, so resize with `delete_graphics(layer='Edge.Cuts')` first — a second call

without it leaves two overlapping outlines and a DRC failure.

2. **Update from schematic** — call `update_pcb_from_schematic` first with

`dry_run: true`. Review `status`, `coverage`, `diagnostics`, and staged positions.

Apply only with `dry_run: false` and the exact returned

`expected_plan_revision` value. The saved schematic hierarchy must be closed in the

schematic editor, and the target board must be open in KiCad. A conflict is

non-mutating; resolve it and rerun the dry run. A successful apply is one KiCad

undo entry, so Ctrl-Z reverses the whole update.

3. **Refresh changed libraries** — when a linked footprint library changed, use

`update_footprints_from_library`, the MCP equivalent of KiCad **Tools → Update

Footprints from Library**. This is distinct from `update_pcb_from_schematic`:

it refreshes supported library-owned pads, graphics, attributes, metadata, and

3D models without changing references, placement, side, rotation, KIID, symbol

metadata, instance overrides, or pad nets. Always call it first with

`dry_run: true`; apply only with `dry_run: false` and the exact returned

`expected_plan_revision`. The requested board must be open in live KiCad, one

apply is one undo entry, and unsupported or stale content returns a non-mutating

conflict instead of silently dropping it.

4. **Place components** — position all footprints

5. **Route traces** — connect all nets

6. **Copper pour** — add ground/power zones last

7. **DRC** — run design rule check

8. **Save** — `save_project`

Do NOT add copper pours before routing is complete — they interfere with interactive routing.

---

## Placement

### Strategy

- Group components by functional block (power, digital, analog, connectors)

- Place ICs first, then their associated passives

- Decoupling caps: within 2mm of their IC power pins, on same layer

- Connectors: at board edges, accessible for cables

- High-frequency components: minimize trace lengths between them

- Thermal considerations: power components away from sensitive analog

### Placement Tools

| Tool | Use Case |

|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------|

| `place_component` | Position one footprint via IPC or safe file fallback |

| `update_footprints_from_library` | Refresh placed definitions from linked libraries |

| `move_component` | Relocate a footprint via IPC or safe file fallback |

| `rotate_component` | Rotate a footprint via IPC or safe file fallback |

| `flip_component` | Set F.Cu/B.Cu on a closed board with geometry mirroring |

| `align_components` | Align multiple components (top/bottom/left/right/center) |

| `place_component_array` | Grid placement for repeated elements |

### Score-first automation

Load `load_toolset('placement')` for the automation loop. The discipline is

score, change, re-score — every planner reports the board's score before and

after its own plan, so a change is judged before it is made:

1. `score_placement` — 0-100 with named deductions; hard failures (courtyard

overlaps, parts outside the outline) decide the verdict regardless of the

number, and a board with no outline can never pass.

2. `auto_place_from_schematic` — deterministic first placement by net

clusters; explicitly a starting point, not a final layout.

3. `refine_placement_force_directed` — deterministic spring embedder; pass

`locked` for parts that must not move. Same input, same plan.

4. `place_decoupling_caps` — plans a row beside an IC, paired by shared nets.

5. `plan_bga_fanout` — pitch detected from the pad grid; `apply` executes as

one KiCad undo commit over live IPC.

Every planner is dry-run by default; apply refuses while KiCad holds the

board open live (fanout apply is the inverse: it REQUIRES the live board).

### Placement Tips

- Use mm coordinates (KiCAD default for PCB)

- Standard grid: 0.5mm for placement, 0.25mm for fine adjustment

- Check component courtyard overlaps after placement

- Reference designator text: F.SilkS layer, 1mm height default

---

## Routing

### Routing Tools

| Tool | Use Case |

|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------|

| `route_pad_to_pad` | Direct connection, auto L-bend routing |

| `route_trace` | Manual segment-by-segment routing |

| `route_differential_pair` | Matched-length USB/LVDS/Ethernet pairs |

| `add_via` | Layer transition |

| `create_netclass` | Define width/clearance rules for net groups |

### route_pad_to_pad

The primary routing tool. Looks up both pad positions on the board and lays an

L-shaped trace between them.

```

route_pad_to_pad(board, net_name, ref1, pad1, ref2, pad2, layer?, width?)

```

- Emits one segment when the pads already share an X or Y, two otherwise

- Specify the width in mm from the accepted project netclass or sizing record.

- Routes entirely on `layer` (default `F.Cu`) — it does not add a via. To

change layer mid-route, place the via yourself with `add_via` and route each

side separately

### route_trace

One straight segment between two explicit points, for when you want to control

the path yourself.

```

route_trace(board, net_name, layer, x1, y1, x2, y2, width?)

```

- Use when auto-routing creates suboptimal paths

- There is no waypoint list: call it once per segment to build a polyline

- Coordinates are board-space mm

### route_differential_pair

For differential signals (USB, HDMI, Ethernet, LVDS).

```

route_differential_pair(board, net_pos, net_neg, x1, y1, x2, y2, gap?, layer?, width?)

```

- Lays two straight traces parallel to the given line, offset `(gap + width)/2`

either side, so spacing is constant along the segment

- Not a length-matching router: it adds no serpentine tuning, and equal length

only follows from the two traces being parallel segments. Skew introduced

before or after this call is yours to correct

- Common pairs: USB_D+/USB_D-, LVDS_P/LVDS_N

### Netclasses

Define routing rules for groups of nets:

```

create_netclass(board, name, trace_width?, clearance?, via_drill?, via_diameter?)

```

The class is written to the project's `.kicad_pro` file, which is where KiCad

has kept netclasses since v7 — the board file is not modified.

Before creating or updating a class, read `get_netclasses` and the applicable

design-rule/trace-sizing references. Derive width, clearance, gap, drill, and

diameter from the selected fabrication contract, stackup, and electrical

calculation. Read the classes back after the write and confirm every special net

resolves through the intended class. Missing inputs make the rule `INCOMPLETE`.

### Pre-defined sizes

Netclass width is the default. The Track/Via dropdowns are a separate palette

in the sibling `.kicad_pro`. Fill them with `set_predefined_sizes` so `W` /

`Shift+W` can step through extra widths without changing netclasses:

```

set_predefined_sizes(board, track_widths=[0.2, 0.5, 0.8],

via_dimensions=[{diameter:0.6, drill:0.3}, {diameter:0.8, drill:0.4}])

```

A leading 0 mm / 0,0 via is always kept as “use netclass values”. These sizes

are not DRC limits. KiCad reads the list on next project open.

---

## Copper Pour

Zone tools live in the `pcb_board` toolset.

### add_zone

Creates a copper pour area (polygon fill).

```

add_zone(board, net_name, layer, points, clearance?, min_width?,

name?, priority?, pad_connection?)

```

- Almost always GND net on both F.Cu and B.Cu

- `points` is the outline polygon; define it slightly inside the board edge

(0.5mm inset)

- `priority` defaults to 0; the higher priority wins where two pours overlap

- `pad_connection` is `solid` | `thermal` | `none`, defaulting to `thermal`

as KiCad does

- With KiCad running on this board the zone is created over IPC and refilled

for you, so it appears at once and is in KiCad's undo stack. Without a live

KiCad it goes into the file instead, and the result says so (`source: file`)

and carries a `warning` describing the process-local evidence and cold-start

limitation. A board observed live earlier in this server session fails with

`unsafe_file_fallback` instead of writing the file.

### refill_zones

**Must call `refill_zones` after any change that affects copper pour:**

- After adding/moving components

- After routing new traces

- After modifying zone outlines

- After changing design rules

Zones do not auto-update — stale fills cause DRC errors.

### Zone Tips

- GND pour on both layers is standard practice

- Leave spoke thermal reliefs for through-hole pads (easier soldering)

- Use keepout zones to prevent copper in sensitive areas

- Zone clearance typically 0.3-0.5mm from traces

---

## Layer Reference

| Layer | Name | Purpose |

|----------|----------|--------------------------------------|

| F.Cu | Front Copper | Top copper traces and pads |

| B.Cu | Back Copper | Bottom copper traces and pads |

| F.SilkS | Front Silk | Top silkscreen (text, outlines)|

| B.SilkS | Back Silk | Bottom silkscreen |

| F.Mask | Front Mask | Top solder mask openings |

| B.Mask | Back Mask | Bottom solder mask openings |

| Edge.Cuts| Board Outline | Physical board boundary |

| F.Fab | Front Fab | Top fabrication drawing |

| B.Fab | Back Fab | Bottom fabrication drawing |

| F.CrtYd | Front Courtyard| Top component clearance area |

| B.CrtYd | Back Courtyard | Bottom component clearance area|

| In1.Cu | Inner 1 | Internal copper layer 1 |

| In2.Cu | Inner 2 | Internal copper layer 2 |

### Layer Usage Guidelines

- Route signals on F.Cu and B.Cu (2-layer) or add inner layers for complex boards

- Board outline MUST be on Edge.Cuts (closed polygon or rectangle)

- Silkscreen for reference designators and polarity marks

- Courtyard defines minimum spacing between components

- Use F.Fab/B.Fab for assembly drawings and component outlines

---

## Design Rule Check

After completing layout:

```

run_drc()

```

Common DRC errors and fixes:

- **Clearance violation**: move trace or component further apart

- **Unconnected net**: route missing connection

- **Track too close to edge**: move inward from board outline

- **Courtyard overlap**: increase spacing between components

- **Zone fill error**: run `refill_zones`

---

## Rules

1. **Never edit .kicad_pcb directly** — all changes go through MCP tools

2. **Always verify placement after moves** — components may snap to unexpected positions

3. **Board outline first** — define the physical boundary before placing anything

4. **Refill zones after changes** — stale zone fills cause phantom DRC errors

5. **Check DRC before finishing** — run `run_drc()` and resolve all errors

6. **Use netclasses for consistency** — define track widths per net type, not per trace

7. **KiCAD normally must be running** — use guarded closed-board paths only when a

tool explicitly offers them. Treat `unsafe_file_fallback` as a human recovery

boundary; other PCB edits still require the live IPC connection.

8. **Save frequently** — call `save_project` after major operations

9. **Load toolsets first** — check `get_active_toolsets()` and load what you need

10. **Copper pour last** — add zones only after routing is substantially complete