Apply when designing types, reviewing a function signature, or writing code in any statically-typed language. Make illegal states unrepresentable, brand semantic primitives, parse external data at boundaries, refuse to lie to the compiler, exhaust variants, derive from authoritative schemas.
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What the file says
# Type System Discipline
The type checker is a proof assistant. Use it to eliminate impossible states, mismatched primitives, and unhandled variants at compile time. A case the types let you ignore becomes a runtime failure the compiler could have stopped. Prefer defining errors and special cases out of existence over proliferating handlers; unrepresentable states, total functions, and interface redesign (the patterns below) are the tools.
Applies to any typed language. Skills like `typescript-best-practices` ground it in specific syntax.
**The patterns:**
- **Make illegal states unrepresentable.** Model variants as sum types: discriminated unions in TypeScript, enums with payloads in Rust/Swift/Kotlin, sealed classes in Scala, ADTs in Haskell/OCaml. Don't model state as a bag of optional fields where contradictory combinations compile. A subtle anti-pattern worth naming: `{ completed: boolean; completedAt?: Date }` admits `completed: true; completedAt: undefined`, which is meaningless. Derive the boolean from a single source like `completedAt !== null`, or model the variants explicitly as `{ kind: 'open' } | { kind: 'done'; at: Date }`. If a bug forces the question "wait, can
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GET https://markdownregistry.com/api/v1/artifacts/art_lac5hwmnpmylpalo
GET https://markdownregistry.com/api/v1/resolve?ref=painhardcore/pstack/principle-type-system-discipline
GET https://markdownregistry.com/api/v1/blob/f19d9f42bb046dd861863b536b00c7569f2c4d86a06004c02d85e87c239b5778
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